how they find coin?
America, India, china and other country
how they write and read?
Before the invention of braille, there was not a reliable independent means of writing for blind people. If a blind person needed something written, it would be dictated to a sighted scribe. Books for the blind were created using embossed print letters. These books were very large and expensive to produce. Reading embossed print letters is a slow and difficult process. Embossed print letters are optimized for recognition by sighted eyes moving across a page, but are difficult to distinguish using fingers brushing across the page. Each letter must be traced individually with the fingers, which is slow and prone to errors.
Braille is optimized for how the brain perceived changes in texture, so the symbols can be smaller and can be read faster and with fewer errors. Braille can be written independently by blind people with a kind of stencil called a slate, or with a braille writer (a typewriter with 7 keys that makes braille letters).
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How does the brain process Braille? Is it the same as text?
Dan: - So, to answer your question, we need to understand how the brain processes both touch and language. With respect to touch, when we move our fingertip over objects such as Braille characters, receptors under the skin produce electrical impulses that race at about 50 meters per second through the nervous system and up towards the brain. This pattern of electrical impulses, a sort of neural Morse code, activates a part of the brain's parietal lobe - roughly halfway between the forehead and the back of the head. This tactile area of the parietal lobe helps to decode the neural impulses, in order to infer the shapes of the objects that touched the skin.
Now, interestingly, in blind people, particularly those blind from birth, touch activates not only this tactile area of the parietal lobe, but also a part of the occipital lobe, in the very back of the head, that is normally reserved for vision. A blind person reading Braille, then, will experience activation of both the tactile area of the brain and the normally visual area of the brain. This unusually extensive brain activation may underlie the heightened sense of touch in blind people.
However, in reading Braille, the brain must not only perceive the shapes of the characters, but once it has done so it must understand those shapes as language. This linguistic understanding is probably not occurring in the brain areas I've just mentioned, but rather in the brain's language areas (such as the area of the temporal lobe - above the ear - called Wernicke's area). So a blind person reading Braille is probably using the same language areas of the brain as a sighted person would while reading print, and as you are right now as you understand the words that I'm speaking.
So, "Does the mind process text in a different way when reading Braille?" the answer to the question is both yes and no.
Blind people reading Braille do show an unusually extensive pattern of brain activation but, once the brain perceives the tactile shapes, the subsequently activated brain language areas used to understand the Braille words are probably the same as those used to understand printed or spoken words.
*Finger size can also affect tactile acuity:
Louis Braille became blind himself at the age of three. Hedeveloped the system in order to improve the books he used at school. He changed a code he got from a soldier and made it simple so that everyone could learn it. The creation of Braille opened the door to blind people all over the world.
Today different Braille codes are used to show letters in different languages. Sets of codes are also used for mathematics and music.
In Braille, a cell dot pattern gives you the letter to read. The dot height is about 0.5 mm; the space between dots is about 2.5 mm. A standard page in Braille has about 40 – 43 cells per line and about 25 lines. Larger cells are often used by those who have problems feeling the normal Braille cells.
Most languages have two grades of Braille. Grade one is used by beginners. Each letter of the word is spelled out. Grade two Braille is an advanced form. It makes reading and writing quicker because it has special codes for words or groups of letters that are often used in that language. Almost all books use this grade because it saves space and makes reading quicker.
When writing in Braille you need a slate and a stylus in which each dot is created writing from right to left at the back of the page. There are also special Braille keyboards that you can attach to a computer.
A Braille writer
Although Braille is thought to be the main way that blind people can read and write, only few people really use it. In Great Britain, for example only about 20,000 out of 2 million visually impaired actually use Braille. Younger people tend to use electronic text on computers instead. A debate has started on how to make Braille more attractive to users.
http://www.english-online.at/society/braille/braille-language-for-blind-people.htm
The dots are raised in one of the 64 possible combinations and each combination represents a different letter or sound. The character that each combination represents varies somewhat between languages, but the dot height, cell size and cell spacing are always uniform. Formatting of Braille, however, such as the positioning of main headings, is used in Braille in much the same way, as in print.
This is the basic English Braille alphabet...
http://www.braillecards.co.uk/whats-braille
how they sense route?
how they dial phone? changing channels in remote?
how they operate computer? how OS customised for Blind people
Before you pay for a movie ticket or for a new pair of shoes, you would always make sure you’re handing the seller the right amount. This is really simple, you just have to give a quick look at your money, take out the right amount, and that's it.
But for people who cannot see, this becomes a difficult task. Here, we will talk about the problem faced by blind people, and discuss the possible solutions for this issue.
Meanwhile, a more specific approach has been done by the Canadian government. In Canada, money is being produced such that there are Braille dots in the bills that represent a specific denomination. Blind people can in turn find the corner containing the Braille dots and read them to know the amount they are holding.
This can be a good solution to quickly know the amount of a specific bill. However, blind people have to first depend on sighted persons to tell them the money they are about to fold. Also, blind people may end up having bent and wrinkled paper money. In general, most of us want to keep our bills flat and crisp.
This may be an effective means of identifying money. However, you can only do it at home where you have your scanner and computer. This option would be very hard to do if for instance, you are in a shopping mall and you need to know how much money you have.
This can be quite convenient, but these software normally recognize only frequently used currencies such as the US dollar. Also, not all mobile phones are compatible with this type of program.
Although these devices may solve the problem, they usually cannot identify bent and wrinkled money. Also, blind people first have to make sure they are inserting or pointing the bill the right way before the device can read it.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=uobuBc2GO0o
America, India, china and other country
how they write and read?
Before the invention of braille, there was not a reliable independent means of writing for blind people. If a blind person needed something written, it would be dictated to a sighted scribe. Books for the blind were created using embossed print letters. These books were very large and expensive to produce. Reading embossed print letters is a slow and difficult process. Embossed print letters are optimized for recognition by sighted eyes moving across a page, but are difficult to distinguish using fingers brushing across the page. Each letter must be traced individually with the fingers, which is slow and prone to errors.
Braille is optimized for how the brain perceived changes in texture, so the symbols can be smaller and can be read faster and with fewer errors. Braille can be written independently by blind people with a kind of stencil called a slate, or with a braille writer (a typewriter with 7 keys that makes braille letters).
How does the brain process Braille?
Sun, 16th Jan 2011Listen Now
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Frederik Creemers asked:How does the brain process Braille? Is it the same as text?
Answer
We put this question to Dan Goldreich, associate professor in the Department of Psychology, Neuroscience & Behaviour at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada...Dan: - So, to answer your question, we need to understand how the brain processes both touch and language. With respect to touch, when we move our fingertip over objects such as Braille characters, receptors under the skin produce electrical impulses that race at about 50 meters per second through the nervous system and up towards the brain. This pattern of electrical impulses, a sort of neural Morse code, activates a part of the brain's parietal lobe - roughly halfway between the forehead and the back of the head. This tactile area of the parietal lobe helps to decode the neural impulses, in order to infer the shapes of the objects that touched the skin.
Now, interestingly, in blind people, particularly those blind from birth, touch activates not only this tactile area of the parietal lobe, but also a part of the occipital lobe, in the very back of the head, that is normally reserved for vision. A blind person reading Braille, then, will experience activation of both the tactile area of the brain and the normally visual area of the brain. This unusually extensive brain activation may underlie the heightened sense of touch in blind people. However, in reading Braille, the brain must not only perceive the shapes of the characters, but once it has done so it must understand those shapes as language. This linguistic understanding is probably not occurring in the brain areas I've just mentioned, but rather in the brain's language areas (such as the area of the temporal lobe - above the ear - called Wernicke's area). So a blind person reading Braille is probably using the same language areas of the brain as a sighted person would while reading print, and as you are right now as you understand the words that I'm speaking.
So, "Does the mind process text in a different way when reading Braille?" the answer to the question is both yes and no.
Blind people reading Braille do show an unusually extensive pattern of brain activation but, once the brain perceives the tactile shapes, the subsequently activated brain language areas used to understand the Braille words are probably the same as those used to understand printed or spoken words.
*Finger size can also affect tactile acuity:
Braille - A Language for Blind People
The Braille system was created in 1821 by a Frenchman, Louis Braille. It is a method widely use by blind people to read and write. Each letter or number in Braille is made up of a cell that has six up to raised dots in two rows of three dots each, which means 64 possible combinations. Blind people read Braille by moving their fingers over these cells and feeling the letters and numbers.Louis Braille became blind himself at the age of three. Hedeveloped the system in order to improve the books he used at school. He changed a code he got from a soldier and made it simple so that everyone could learn it. The creation of Braille opened the door to blind people all over the world.
Today different Braille codes are used to show letters in different languages. Sets of codes are also used for mathematics and music.
In Braille, a cell dot pattern gives you the letter to read. The dot height is about 0.5 mm; the space between dots is about 2.5 mm. A standard page in Braille has about 40 – 43 cells per line and about 25 lines. Larger cells are often used by those who have problems feeling the normal Braille cells. Most languages have two grades of Braille. Grade one is used by beginners. Each letter of the word is spelled out. Grade two Braille is an advanced form. It makes reading and writing quicker because it has special codes for words or groups of letters that are often used in that language. Almost all books use this grade because it saves space and makes reading quicker.
When writing in Braille you need a slate and a stylus in which each dot is created writing from right to left at the back of the page. There are also special Braille keyboards that you can attach to a computer.
A Braille writer
Although Braille is thought to be the main way that blind people can read and write, only few people really use it. In Great Britain, for example only about 20,000 out of 2 million visually impaired actually use Braille. Younger people tend to use electronic text on computers instead. A debate has started on how to make Braille more attractive to users.
http://www.english-online.at/society/braille/braille-language-for-blind-people.htm
What's Braille?
Braille is a method of reading by touch that is used by many blind and partially sighted people around the world.
Each Braille character or (cell) is made up of 6 dot positions, arranged in a vertical rectangle of 2 columns of 3 dots each. The six dots of each Braille cell are arranged like the example below to form a letter. The dots are numbered 1 through 6, starting in the upper left corner, going down. The dots are raised in one of the 64 possible combinations and each combination represents a different letter or sound. The character that each combination represents varies somewhat between languages, but the dot height, cell size and cell spacing are always uniform. Formatting of Braille, however, such as the positioning of main headings, is used in Braille in much the same way, as in print.
This is the basic English Braille alphabet...
http://www.braillecards.co.uk/whats-braille
how they sense route?
how they dial phone? changing channels in remote?
how they operate computer? how OS customised for Blind people
Learning echolocation
Using echolocation is one of the most striking demonstrations of the way in which people can make more effective use of their sense of hearing.How Blind People Identify Paper Money
Submitted by Tom on Wed, 02/17/2010 - 09:17Before you pay for a movie ticket or for a new pair of shoes, you would always make sure you’re handing the seller the right amount. This is really simple, you just have to give a quick look at your money, take out the right amount, and that's it.
But for people who cannot see, this becomes a difficult task. Here, we will talk about the problem faced by blind people, and discuss the possible solutions for this issue.
The Problem with Paper Money
In countries such as the U.S., all denominations of money have similar sizes. This makes it very difficult for blind people to distinguish one denomination from another.Solutions Done By Governments
Governments have devised a way to help the blind tell apart different money denominations. In countries such as Australia and Malaysia, each denomination of money has a distinct width and length. Along with this, blind people can use a small card device to quickly measure and distinguish money.Meanwhile, a more specific approach has been done by the Canadian government. In Canada, money is being produced such that there are Braille dots in the bills that represent a specific denomination. Blind people can in turn find the corner containing the Braille dots and read them to know the amount they are holding.
Solutions Done By Blind People
The above steps made by governments can be very helpful, but as we have seen, not all countries have implemented such solutions. So, here are the possible ways which blind people themselves can do to identify money.Folding Money
Blind people can fold a denomination of money in a particular way. For instance, a $1 bill can be left unfolded. A $5 bill can be folded crosswise. A $10 bill can be folded lengthwise. For larger denominations, combinations of the two previous folding patterns can be used.This can be a good solution to quickly know the amount of a specific bill. However, blind people have to first depend on sighted persons to tell them the money they are about to fold. Also, blind people may end up having bent and wrinkled paper money. In general, most of us want to keep our bills flat and crisp.
A Wallet with Many Dividers
Wallets with around for to five divisions enable blind people to place each denomination in a separate place. This works most of the time. But it can also become confusing when blind persons would sort through many denominations.Scanners and Assistive Technology
Blind persons can use a regular scanner and an assistive technology known as a screen reader. To do this, the user would scan the money via the scanner. Then he can let the screen reader speak the text in the money that has been captured by the scanner.This may be an effective means of identifying money. However, you can only do it at home where you have your scanner and computer. This option would be very hard to do if for instance, you are in a shopping mall and you need to know how much money you have.
Special Software for Mobile Phones
This is one of the newest solutions in the market. The user first has to install a specialized software on his mobile camera phone. Then the user can take a picture of the bill and let the software speak its denomination.This can be quite convenient, but these software normally recognize only frequently used currencies such as the US dollar. Also, not all mobile phones are compatible with this type of program.
Electronic Money Identifiers
This device is made specially for blind people to distinguish different denominations of money. The user first has to insert the bill into the device or place it near a component of the device. Then it would recognize and speak the bill’s denomination. Certain electronic money identifiers even have vibrating features which are useful for deaf-blind people.Although these devices may solve the problem, they usually cannot identify bent and wrinkled money. Also, blind people first have to make sure they are inserting or pointing the bill the right way before the device can read it.
Conclusion
Different people use different means of identifying money without seeing it. Each solution has its own pros and cons. Nevertheless, it would certainly help if money, such as the US dollar, can be identified easily just by touching it.http://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=uobuBc2GO0o
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